Should Teenagers Be Tried as Adults Free Essays

* Should teenagers be tried as adults? Opinions differ. Some people argue that teenagers don’t know what they are doing when they commit a crime and are still too young to comprehend what is right and wrong. I totally disagree. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Teenagers Be Tried as Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am old enough to know that committing a crime is wrong and that if I commit one, I will be punished. Anyone who says teens can’t tell right from wrong is either too old to remember what being a teenager is like or they are a teenager who has committed a crime and don’t want to be tried as an adult. In either case, they are wrong. All teens know that killing is wrong, yet they do it anyway and get away with a light sentence because of their age. Even if a teen didn’t know it was wrong, it doesn’t mean it’s right. They should still be punished. If they aren’t, they will think that crimes are okay and continue to commit them. Teens today don’t fear the law because they don’t think they will get caught. And if they do, they know they have a good chance of getting off because they are tried as teens and not adults. We have to get tougher on crime. There should be a law that everyone over eleven years old will be tried as adults. That way more teens would be discouraged from committing crimes. They would know that murder would get them a very long sentence instead of staying in juvenile hall until they are eighteen. If we want to cut down on teen crime, we have to have tougher laws. ? * I don’t think there is any excuse for committing a crime. * i think it depends on the crimes stances. hat if a kid kills their physically abusive parents in those cases there should be special treatment. However crimes of passion and maybe drugs should they should be tried as adults. * Since we’re talking about murder cases, I believe that teens should be tried as adults. If not, they are most likely going to repeat the crime knowing that they won’t get in any serious trouble. For example, I know people who have stolen things of mine because they figured they were only 10 and there was no one who would really punish them if they were caught. Now, at 13 they are still stealing because they think it’s okay. Now if you’re a teenager, you know that murder is wrong (unless it’s in self-defense) so there is no excuse for doing so. * A rising number of juveniles under the age of 18 are not only being charged for crimes as adults, but are serving in adult jails and even serving life sentences. Every state has some mechanism in place that allows juveniles charged with certain crimes to be tried in criminal court as adults. Thousands of children annually are even being â€Å"automatically† transferred to adult criminal court. Much of the change in the laws over the past few decades making it easier to try youths as adults has been in part due to the increase in juvenile crime and public outrage over particularly violent crimes and repeat juvenile offenders. The most common increases in juvenile crime have been noted with respect to gang violence, school shootings, increases in drugs in youth neighborhoods, and even increases in bullying among peers. How to cite Should Teenagers Be Tried as Adults, Essay examples

Authur Miller Essay Example For Students

Authur Miller Essay With the Death of a Salesman during the winter of 1949 on Broadway, Arthur Miller began to live as a playwright who has since been called one of this centurys three great American dramatists. He has also written other powerful, often mind-altering plays: The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, A Memory of Two Mondays, After the Fall, Incident at Vichy, and The Price. And who could forget the film The Misfits and the dramatic special Playing for Time. Death of a Salesman was not Arthur Millers first success on Broadway. Two years before, when All My Sons opened at the Coronet Theater, Brooks Atkinson of the New York Times wrote: The theater has acquired a genuine new talent. The play also won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award and the Donaldson Award (voted upon by Billboard subscribers). Since the debut of All My Sons he has noted: The success of a play, especially ones first success, is somewhat like pushing against a door which is suddenly opened that was always securely shut until then. For myself, the experience was invigorating. It suddenly seemed that the audience was a mass of blood relations, and I sensed a warmth in the world that had not been there before. It made it possible to dream of daring more and risking more. He did however push the limits when he released his controversial piece Death of a Salesman. And, he gained even more acclaim. Soon he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. He was quickly catapulted into the realm of the great, living, American playwrights; and once was compared to Ibsen and the Greek tragedians. After his graduation from Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn, young Miller worked as a stock clerk in an automobile parts warehouse for two and a half years until he had enough money to pay for his first year at the University of Michigan. He finished college with the financial aid of the National Youth Administration supplemented by his salary as night editor on the Michigan Daily newspaper. Before his graduation with a BA degree in 1938, he had written a number of plays, winning a $500 Avery Hopwood Award in 1936 and a $1,200 Theater Guild National Award in 1938 for an effort entitled The Grass Still Grows. Then, having returned to New York in 1938, he joined the Federal Theater Project. But, before his first play had been produced, the Project ended. Dismayed and setback, he went to work in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Here he wrote radio scripts that were later heard in the Columbia Workshop and on the Calvacade of America. He also wrote two books during this period: Situation Normal (1944) and Focus, two novels about anti-Semitism (1945). He had not, however, given up playwriting. In November of 1944, his play, The Man Who Had All the Luck opened on Broadway. Unfortunately it became much less of a success than he had hoped. Its unfavorable reception disheartened Miller, and he decided he would write one more play. If that were not successful, he would give up. Thats when in 1947 he wrote All My Sons, his first real success, which established him as a significant American playwright. Soon after he wrote The Crucible in 1953, which became a Broadway hit, and won a Tony Award. This thrilling retelling of the witch trials and hangings in Salem, Massachusetts (1962) riveted audiences. But it reflected a more ready issue, the quot;McCarthy eraquot; of his time. The autobiographical tone of After the Fall in 1964 also evoked controversy as well as praise. And it was through knowledge of the Brooklyn waterfront that he was able to form his characters in A View from the Bridge in 1955. .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d , .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .postImageUrl , .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d , .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:hover , .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:visited , .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:active { border:0!important; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:active , .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub70e31f9492eef97aea7bb88b219ab9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb 2 Essay More of his native city came through later when he wrote in The Price, about a New York policeman (1968). Millers later works include The Creation of the Word and Other Business (1972) and The American Clock (1980). , In 1980 Miller won four Emmy Awards following the television debut of Playing for Time, the true-life dramatic special about the experiences of an all-woman orchestra in a Nazi concentration camp. The show itself received the Emmy for an Outstanding Drama Special, and Miller received one for Outstanding Writing. Vanessa Redgrave won as Outstanding Actress, and Jane Alexander, as Outstanding Supporting Actress. In addition to his novels, Miller has written two books of reportage: In Russia and Chinese Encounters, both accompanied by photographs by his wife Inge Morath, a professional photographer. His book Salesman in Beijing is based on his experience in China where he directed Death of a Salesman. Then, in 1987, Miller published his autobiography Timebends: A Life, in which he recalls his childhood in Brooklyn, the political turmoil of the 1950s, and the later half of the century. Miller continues to write, winning the 1995 Oliver for his most recent play Broken Glass.

Keeping Peace In The Future Essays - International Relations Theory

Keeping Peace In The Future In my opinion there are two main ways of securing peace in the up coming decades. The first way is that of a realist approach and a liberal one. In the eyes of a realist, national security can one hand only be reached by a destructive capability and the ability to intimidate anyone that defies or threatens national security. On the other, the realist will however not intervene if conflicts do not measure up with national interest. Either way, the realists believe this and this alone would maintain the peace for the future. The liberalists however believe that a more unified body with all peace-loving nations can be the best way of conflict management. They believe that any conflict in the world should be controlled before it can ever escalate in to a bigger one. To start of with the realists believe that a greater military body would create a balanced and therefor peaceful world. To achieve this the realists see possibilities of enlarging the power of NATO and other military, governmental organizations. To create more members and enlarging the firepower would in realistic eyes decrease countries to enter conflict. The liberalists find this a very poor argument. They find that with a possible expansion of NATO and increasing power of the organization that the third-world countries can be left out. Liberalists tend to think more in the format of the United Nations. They think with the Expansion of the Security Council, that global peace can be maintained in a more unified, universal manner. Also they believe that the General Assembly could increase in power and take a more serious role in international disputes and conflict resolving. By increasing this power it would call on a more responsible Secretary-General, and there as giving the United Nations as an inter-governmental body more strength, and possibly giving the world a better way of solutions. This in a realist approach is unacceptable. The unifying steps and the decreasing powers of states is not the solution for world peace. In fact they see this as a very big threat seeing that countries would be less cooperate. With this structure of the UN, it would also be much harder to strive for national interest. I believe in a combination of these two perspectives to be the key to global peace in the for coming decades and possibly centuries. If the UN would increase power, it would be vital that the United Nations would therefor create a separate body, a more secure military body that not only can be used for peace-keeping missions, but for offensive, defensive, humanitarian and finally collective security methods.

A philosphical essay on Utilitarianism.

A philosphical essay on Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a way of looking at ethics, it focuses on trying to ensure the maximum happiness in many different ways. There are many different forms of utilitarianism, the four I will discuss are act, rule, naive and preference utilitarianism.Rule utilitarianism tries to give the greatest overall benefit to society, the best rule/law of conduct is found and everyone is found an a rule utilitarian will follow it. However, this can cause problems if you use this rule in a place where it is not generally followed as problems will be caused if you differ from the general population. Another difficulty is that all the best rules would be very complicated and this would make them hard to follow and many people would not bother to follow them at all.Examples of rule utilitarianism: A man needs a lot of money to get a lifesaving operation on his heart, he doesn't have the money and contemplates robbing a bank for it.From http://hypernews.ngdc.noaa.govBecause he follows rule utilitariani sm he decides to let himself die because robbing a bank is against the rules that he believe are for the benefit of society. Another example: A man from the USA comes to Australia to live, one of the rules he believes is for the greater benefit of society s driving on the right side of the road. He is forced to go against his rule utilitarianism because of the fear of a car crash.Preference utilitarianism tries to satisfy peoples' preferences. The best action is the one which satisfies the highest amount of peoples' preferences. These preferences must only count for preferences about oneself or people might have preferences that cancel out other peoples preferences (for example: A person wishing to be rich and a person wishing for everyone to be poor),

Fruit Delight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fruit Delight - Essay Example They want to look and behave like the celebrities who have high influence on them. Hence, as described by Kelman, source attractiveness would be an important characteristic of our communication messenger (Egan 2007). Word Of Mouth marketing using the brand’s current customers would also influence the target audience as they are highly image-conscious and trust their peers more than others. Fruit Winders already has a positive image (especially with the mums) as far as health benefits are considered. Using these indirect customers to propagate the benefits of the product can be effectively used for viral marketing as was done by â€Å"Dove†. They used the real customers in their ads to spread a credible word of mouth (Dahlen, Lange and Smith 2009). Critique of current/recent campaigns to the same target audience The target audience of Fruit Delight overlaps that of Fruit winders for the 10-12 year olds. This can have both favorable and unfavorable implications. A major d isadvantage of this can be the confusion it can create in the minds of this age group. So, far this group of audience has been used to the symbols and self-association with these symbols. With the introduction of the new product which would propagate a different image association, the target audience would not know which one to adopt. There will be a symbol clash in this kind of brand extension. This will erode some customers from the Fruit Winder’s basket which may or may not fall into the Fruit Delight basket as they might get attracted towards other brands in the same product range. This is because they have already perceived this brand as one for smaller kids and they may not be able to associate with the new one as being for older kids. This is what happened with the global brand â€Å"Pierre Cardin†. The company diversified into so many product lines that people did not associate with the core line of business. The brand eventually died (Mininni 2006). Thus, we c an see that any failure of strategy implementation by inappropriate transfer and linkages of brand associations of the parent brand to the new product can lead not only to the failure of the new brand but also that of the parent brand (Juda 2007). However, a major advantage of this brand extension is that it is not moving very far away from its core brand values. This is an important factor to consider before going into a product line. Positive images and strengths of the current brand, Fruit Winders, can easily be leveraged to achieve a successful brand launching into a new segment (Juda 2007). This is one of the ways of â€Å"increasing the rate of new acceptance and purchase intention of customers† (Juda 2007). It can help in penetrating into a new segment while achieving advertising and promotion expenditure efficiencies. Thus, using viral marketing can be a very easy strategy to launch the new product using old customer base. Using the same TV commercials with extra info rmation on the new product can help in promoting the Fruit Delight through the younger siblings of the target audience. Current websites can be used to promote the product but content of the websites for this audience can be designed according to their interest. Using the same billboards and TV commercials to promote websites will help in promoting the product to a great extent. Positioning statement Positioning consists of two main factors –

Why Sortware As a Service Is Going to Dominate the Next Several Years Essay

Why Sortware As a Service Is Going to Dominate the Next Several Years - Essay Example This creates a process which is quick and efficient and allows for a two-way dissemination of information on a global basis. For businesses that have sales forces constantly updating contact information on their laptops, this is an essential point for the main office to know exactly at any given time, what the sale representatives are doing on a daily basis in regard to customers. Alternatively, a company can upload training videos and sales information to the representatives so they can stay updated with the latest outputs (Sensible Computer Help, 2008). The idea of sharing work began in the late 1990s when large businesses and corporations developed the idea of being able to communicate within a common net arrangement, allowing for documents to be accessed by those approved to open and change information within those documents. It also saved the company email system from being overloaded by employees emailing documents back and forth to different departments. Instead, documents cou ld be placed on the Intranet which was accessible only by onsite employees. Extended sales forces and contract labor had to dial in whenever updating or uploading information into the secure Intranet (Canlas & Gonzales, n.d.). This arrangement later developed into the Client Server Network, a far more efficient means of utilizing management principles within the workplace, such as allocating software programs and other functions to specific people. A diagram of one is shown below. Fig.1 (Sensible Computer Help, http://www.sensible-computer-help.com/computer-network.html) While the Client Server Network is an excellent solution for the workplace, such as being able to utilize a close-by printer, there are some problems with this arrangement. One, if someone turns off their computer, is when a shared file is no longer available to the other computers on that path. Additionally, there is an unreasonable lack of security for the network and the company’s data system (Sensible Com puter Help, 2008). In 2010, there began a new type of system which changed how business software was being used. Professor Clayton Christensen of Harvard Business School called it the â€Å"disruptive innovation.† The term refers to the advanced technology in delivery services of a product that, because of changes within technological access and subsequent pricing, alters the game face of how resources are used and the baseline revenue streams. Microsoft, Oracle and SAP were the first few major leaguers in this area and SAP is also the first company to offer services â€Å"in the cloud’ (Fornes, 2010). A diagram below shows the trend from initial small business usage, through redevelopment over time, to finally being able to target the enterprise solution requirements. Fig.2 (Fornes, 2010) As an example, Microsoft began offering Office 365 over a year ago and what the current subscription provides is the use of Microsoft cloud services with the option to also subscrib e and download Microsoft Office Professional or Standard software program to use so long as the cloud subscription is active. For a small business owner who does not have the financial resources to purchase full-blown software programs, this service is a great way to get the software at a very affordable price, plus utilize the cloud while working with clients through the cloud Lync system. This year, Microsoft celebrated its first year with the Office 365 service by providing a free edition of the 365 cloud service for educational purposes to all schools, colleges and universities (Nagel, 2012). Another company that has recently jumped onto the same bandwagon is Adobe, software provider of Photoshop, InDesign, Illustrator, Fireworks,

Review on Video Steganography Technique

Review on Video Steganography Technique Kamred Udham Singh Abstract In the era of information security, Steganography is a most secure method, used for concealing existence of secret data in any digital cover object such as image, audio, video and text files. In the last several decades broad research has been done on image steganography technique due to their easiness of data embedding and data extraction. Hide the existence of the embedded data in any digital object is the main objective of steganography. The main key factors of steganography are Undetectability, robustness and capacity of the concealed data that separate it from related techniques like cryptography and watermarking. Nowadays, video files are much more accepted because of large size and memory requirements. This paper intends to provide a survey on various video steganographic technique and covering its fundamental concepts. Keywords: Video steganography, data hiding, spatial domain, Transform domain, DWT, DCT. Introduction Today’s digital world it is very important for secret communication of any private information in safe and secure manner, it has created new challenge of information security. Here a most important question arise that which method we choose for containing its integrity and degree of security. Several methods have been proposed for addressing the issue of information security like cryptography, steganography and watermarking. In Cryptography information encrypted in such form that it becomes meaningless to eavesdroppers using any encryption algorithms such as DES but how strong is the encryption algorithm, it could be broken. Data can be easily replicated and distributed without owner’s consent due to lack of security. Watermarking modified the original data by embedding a watermark containing key information such as logo or copyright codes to protect the intellectual properties of digital content. Moreover, in some situation it was necessary to distribution of informati on without anyone detecting that the communication happened. So steganography comes arise in digital world to handle this case. Steganography technique is the art and science of invisible data communication. The word steganography originated from the Greek language and derived from two Greek words â€Å"stegos† which stands for â€Å"cover† and â€Å"grafia† which stands for â€Å"writing† [1]. Figure 1.The different disciplines of information hiding [21] Steganography developed driven by the necessity to conceal the existence of a secret data communication. Although steganography and cryptography both technique are try to protect data, but neither steganography nor cryptography alone is perfect. Consequently it is better to combine both technique together to increase the degree of security of the system [2]. Though steganography is technique for the communication being between two parties. So main concern of steganography is to conceal the existence of the data communication and protecting the hidden data against any alterations that may happen during communication such as format change or compression but integrity should be maintain. The major difference between Steganography and Cryptography is that the cryptography keeps the contents of information secret while steganography keeps the existence of information secret [3]. As video steganography is the focus of this review paper which can be viewed as an extension of image steganography. Really, video is a stream of a sequence of successive and equally time-spaced still images. So several image steganographic techniques are relevant to videos as well. Hu et al. [28],], Langelaar et al. [38], Shang [74], and Sherlyetal [76] extended various image data hiding techniques to video. Video steganographic techniques There are various applications such as intelligence agencies and military communications where video steganography can be employed [4]. Lie et al. [5], Yilmaz et al. [6] and Robie et al. [7] proposed another types of applications like video error correction during communication and for transmitting additional information without requiring more band-width [8]. Video steganography was used for hiding data in a video captured by a surveillance system was demonstrated by Zhang et al. [9]. There are various signal processing transform like DWT, FFT and DCT, any one of them can be used as video stenographic technique to hide data in the frequency domain of the cover object. Secret data can be hide either on per pixel basis or group of pixels called blocks [10]. Video steganographic techniques can classify in a number of ways. Sherly et al. [11] categorize them according to compression, compressed techniques [12, 13] and uncompressed video techniques [15]. Video steganographic techniques can also be classified on the basis of domain of embedding, these are transform domain techniques [14, 16] and spatial domain techniques [17]. Shirali-Shahreza [18] stated that video steganographic techniques can be also categorized on the basis of considering the video as a sequence of still images [17, 19]. Or utilizing the video saving format for data hiding [20]. Or finding new dimensions in the video which helps in the steganographic process [12, 15]. The fallowing figure depicts th ese possible classifications. Figure 2: Various Classification of video Steganography This paper will discuss classification based on embedded domain and cover-up all the literature related to video steganography. Bit Substitutions Methods Least Significant Bit (LSB) Bit Substitution-based steganography techniques replace the cover bit with the binary equivalent of secret data bit. The main advantages of bit substitution methods are the simple implementation and the high data hiding capacity in comparison to other techniques. Bit Substitution-based technique have many methods such as Least Significant Bit (LSB) method, Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) and Tri-way Pixel Value Differencing (TPVD) etc. Least significant bit (LSB) insertion is an oldest and most famous bit substitution-based approach for embedding data in a carrier file like video or image and it is capable of embedding huge secret data. Least significant bit technique operates by altering LSB bits of the cover file to conceal the secret data bit. Most of the bit substitution-based methods that exist are really inspired by the LSB technique. Data hiding technique developed to hide the secret data in definite frames of the video file and in definite position of the frame by LSB substitution using different polynomial equation. In this technique data will be hidden on the basis of stego key which is in the form of polynomial equations with different coefficients [22]. A. T. Thahab [23] proposed Digital Color Video Steganography Using YCbCr Color Space and Dynamic Least Significant Bit technique is apply to hide video data file inside the other video cover object .This techniques also found on the basis of least significant bit algorithm. Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) Normally the idea behind the LSB technique is to modify the least significant bits of the pixel with the binary equivalent of secret data. If more significant bits are used to hide the data then it deteriorating the quality of image. Due to this disadvantage of this technique leads to evolution of other technique which trying to overcome this disadvantage. Kawaguchi and Eason proposed Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) technique [24] and Chang et al. proposed Tri-Way Pixel-Value Differencing [25] .BPCS technique can be applied in the both spatial domain and transform domain [26,13] to address this problem. The basic idea of BPCS technique is to break down an image/frame into the bit planes and every bit plane treated as a slice of the image which is made up from all the bits of a definite significant location from each binary digit. Regions in the bit plane are categorized into informative and noise-like after that noise-like regions are substituted with the secret information and maintain the perceived quality. Jalab et al. [19] implemented the BPCS technique for hiding data in MPEG video format frames. This technique works in the YCbCr colour space instead of red, green and blue (RGB) components of a pixel for removing the correlation between the RGB and also decreasing the distortion produced by data embedding process. It is well-known that Human Visual System (HVS) are sensitive modifications in smooth parts than noise-like. Therefore, the BPCS method was applied for computing the complexity of every region in the cover frame. The complexity of every region of the bit plane is computed as the number of on edge transitions from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0, both vertically and horizontally. Tri-way Pixel-Value Differencing (TPVD) It is another bit substitution-based method is the Tri-way Pixel-Value Differencing (TPVD) [13] which is a modified form of the Pixel-Value Differencing method. To maintain the visual quality of cover object it is intuitive to think that data should be concealed in complex parts of the object. It hides the data in the difference of two neighbour pixels value which are classified into ranges, larger range index shows a sharp area where more secret data can be concealed and smaller range index shows a smooth area where less secret data can be concealed. In the data hiding process first partitioning the cover object image/frame into non-overlapping chunks of two neighbour pixels and its range are determined. After that number of secret data bits to be concealed is computed based on the range index. Lastly, the essential number of secret data bits is extracted from the secret data and corresponding their decimal value is used to generate a new difference and the pixel values are adjusted accordingly. This method provides high capacity and imperceptibility for human vision of the concealed secret data. Sherly et al. [11] implemented this technique to hide data in MPEG compressed videos and stated that secret data are hidden in the macro-blocks of the â€Å"I† frame with maximum scene modification and in macro-blocks of the P and B frames with maximum magnitude of motion vectors. Transform domain techniques Although Bit substitution-based methods are the simplest way for data hiding, but vulnerability is main disadvantage to any cover alteration like compression, format change, etc. This data embedding techniques can be easily cracked by an attacker. Transform domain methods are more complex than Bit substitution-based methods and try to improve the perceptual transparency and the robustness of the generated stego-objects. Any transform-domain technique contains of at least these phases, first transformed the cover object into the frequency domain, in second phase secret data is concealed in some or all of the transformed coefficients. In final phase modified coefficients are transformed back to the original form of the cover. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are types of transform domain. Raja et al. [27] Stated that DFT methods introduce round-off errors which do not make it ideal for data hiding applications. So du e to this reason Discrete Fourier Transform methods are not popular in steganography. But, few techniques in steganography used DFT based steganography like McKeon [28] used the 2D DFT for steganography in videos. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a very popular transform and broadly used with image and video compression methods. Chae et al. [29] presented an algorithms in this field using texture masking and multidimensional lattice structure and used MPEG-2 compressed videos. Secret data and the cover video frames both are transformed using 88 Ãâ€"8 non-overlapping blocks. The secret data coefficients are quantized and then encoded by the multidimensional lattices, after that concealed into the cover frame DCT coefficients. Data hiding is adaptive to the local content of the video frame blocks. Steganographic techniques facing the challenge of improving the data embedding capacity without affecting visual quality. Large quantity of secret data can be embedding in the cover video is main objective of High bitrate techniques. A high bitrate algorithm is proposed by Yang et al. [16] which works on H.264/AVC Compressed videos. This method first convert the cover video frames to YUV colour spac e and then 1 data bit is embedded in each 4Ãâ€"4 DCT coefficient block . Strength points of this algorithm are large amount of data embedding capacity, robust to H.264 and MPEG-4 video compression techniques and also tamper resistant. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is popular in signal processing and video/ image compression. Wavelet transform fragmented a signal into a set of basic functions called wavelets. The DWT has many advantages over DCT like providing a multi-resolution description and permitting for better modelling of Human Visual System (HVS). DWT delivers a multi-resolution analysis which analyzes the signal at diverse frequencies produce different resolutions. Temporal resolution is main advantage of DWT. It captures frequency and frame location information. At each level of transformation, a frame which is transformed with Haar wavelet transform [30] is decomposed into four bands. One of them is approximation band which represents the input frame after implementing a low pass filter and compressing it to half. Other remaining three bands are high pass filter and called detail band. High-resolution sub-bands permit simple detection of features like edges or textured parts in transform domain. DWT d oes not need to decompose the input cover object into non-overlapping 2-D blocks, which reduce the blocking artifacts. Wavelet transform produces floating point coefficients which are used to perfectly rebuild the original signal. Some video steganography techniques trusted on the integer-to-integer wavelet transform. Xu et al. [15] proposed an approach on this technique. In proposed scheme data is embedded in the motion component of video due to these two reasons first is not more affected by compression and second is HVS are not more sensitive to catch the changes in motion areas of video. The methodology of this algorithm is that, in first step motion component of video is computed from frame-by-frame basis, after that computed motion component are decomposed in two-level wavelet decomposition. In last step secret data bit are concealed into low frequency coefficients which are based on the values of coefficients. This technique maintaining the quality of video after the data embedding process. Requires a cover video with large motion component because data hiding capacity is depend on motion comp onent is the disadvantage of this algorithm. Adaptive steganographic techniques Adaptive steganography technique is a special case of the two former techniques which is also known as ‘‘Statistics-aware embedding’’ [31], ‘‘Masking’’ [32]. An adaptive technique basically implemented by studying the statistical structures of the cover object before changing with the secret data which helps to identify the best regions to embedded data [33]. Sur et al. [34] proposed an algorithm on temporal redundancy which select macro-blocks with low inter frame velocity and high prediction error as their regions-of-interest (ROI). Furthermore, the number of DCT coefficients used for data hiding is adaptively computed based on the relative stability of the prediction error block. This algorithm offers a very low data hiding capacity. Mansouri et al. [12] proposed a technique which combined the features of both spatial and temporal of the video and utilized a spatial key property. The objective of this technique is maximizing both perceptual invisibility and robustness by choosing frame regions which are perceptually unimportant. High data hiding capacity as it uses both temporal and spatial features of the cover video stream is the main advantage of this algorithm. Conclusion This paper presents a short review on video steganographic techniques and the key algorithms of video steganography. Steganography, cryptography, and watermarking technique and their differences is also discussed. An overview of steganography is presented and mainly focus on video steganography and its applications. Various video steganography techniques and classification of the existing video techniques are explained which are based on spatial domain, transform domain and other techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are focused. Steganography techniques are mainly struggling for achieving a high data embedding rate. It is a good substitute channel for hide data in video files because it have many outstanding features such as large capacity and good imperceptibility. This paper delivers effective review on the design of a video steganographic system.