The War Of The American Civil War - 960 Words

Abraham Lincoln once stated â€Å"America will never be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be because we destroyed ourselves.† Abraham Lincoln is a hero for the citizens of America because his determination and courage to ending slavery even if it meant war caused peace in this nation. Slavery was the vital cause of the American Civil War. The north and the south both had their differences on how to run the country. People in the North believed in unity and that slavery should not exist because â€Å"all men are created equally.† On the other hand, the South believed in continuing slavery. People tried to talk it out and come to a middle ground after both sides compromising, however that didn’t work and caused war. Ideological differences were a vital role to making the American Civil War an inevitable event. The American Civil War took place from 1861-1865 was an inevitable event in the American history. More than 640,000 people were killed and millions more were injured during this massive war. The civil war was between the northern and the southern states where its most leading cause was slavery. Along with that, economic, political and social ideologies caused the civil war. The northern states, also known as the union, were more successful and antislavery compare to the southern confederates states. The northern states were more populated, had more industries, and believed in the Declaration of Independence statement that â€Å"all men areShow MoreRelatedAmerican War And The American Civil War1551 Words   |  7 Pageswhich then caused the Southern states of America to decide to leave the American Union and create their own Southern Confederacy. This tore our nation apart. The American Civil War had begun and the very people that were once neighbors had each other’s blood on their hands. Many American lives had been lost. The American lives lost in the Civil War even exceeded the number of American lives lost during World War I and World War II. We were divided. The North wanted to reunite with the southern statesRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was arguably the most important war in the history of the country. The War of Independence may have allowed American to become its’ own country, but the Civil War resulted in something even more important than that, the end of slavery in the southern states. All of the issues that caused the Civil war were based around slavery, such as states’ rights that involved how slavery would be handled in each state, and trying to preserve the Union since the south seceded from the northRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War856 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery may have been established as the catalyst of the American Civil War, but the beginning of the dispute began in the time of the Revolution with a weak decentralized government under the Articles of Confederation. Later gained momentum as territorial expansion set Americans against each other on debating whether the new states should be slave states or free states, it questioned the power of the Federal government regarding state rights, and brought about instability in the unity of the UnitedRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1618 Words   |  7 Pages A Civil War is a battle between the same citizens in a country. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the independence for the Confederacy or the survival of the Union. By the time Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1861, in the mist of 34 states, the constant disagreement caused seven Southern slave states to their independence from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, generally known as the South, grew to include elevenRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War991 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War is known to most as the bloodiest war anyone has ever witnessed. It claimed the life of thousands of Americans and animosity that was built up over several years prior to it can be to blame. Most people think that slavery was the cause of this battle, and although slavery did play a part, it was not the main cause. The biggest roles played in the American Civil War were states’ rights, unfair bills, feelings of inferiority and threats to economy. The tension started duringRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1324 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many events that led to the cause of one of America’s most devastating war, the American Civil War. The American Civil War was an unfortunate war that cost more than the lives of six hundred thousand people. Events such as the Missouri Compromise, Kansas Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision, and the Election of Abraham Lincoln resulted in the four yearlong battles between the Northern and Southern states due to social and economic differences on the idea of slavery. In the 19th century,Read MoreThe War Of The American Civil War Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War lasted from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865. It was the bloodiest war in American history, killing approximately 620,000 soldiers in total. The War was fought and won by the North, ensuring that all the United States would stay united and slavery would be illegal in The United States. However, history is one of the most complicated things in the world. It’s also one of the most important things in the world because history is what made the present possible. Historians have debatedRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1439 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the American Civil War began in the spring of 1861, those flocking to enlistment stations in states both north and south chiefly defined their cause as one of preservation. From Maine to Minnesota, young men joined up to preserve the Union. From Virginia to Texas, their future foes on the battlefield enlisted to pr eserve a social order, a social order at its core built on the institution of slavery and racial superiority . Secession had not been framed by prominent Southerners like Robert ToombsRead MoreThe Civil War And The American War1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe question of what caused the Civil War is debatable because there are several events that may have influenced the war such as the Western Expansion, Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War. The war also stems from slavery, the North and South basically fought over whether or not slavery should be permitted. Another point that may have influenced the Civil War is the economic and social structure of the country, which also falls under slavery because the South main source of income was slaveryRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War913 Words   |  4 Pagesdisputed over the vast majority of causes of the American Civil War for ages. While some explanations may appear easier to pinpoint, the primary underlying catalyst to t he start of the war was the controversy over slavery. Though the northern and southern regions of the United States fostered contrasting views on a range of issues, they shared the common perspective of promoting Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny was the prevalent attitude that induced Americans to expand from coast to coast. This inclination

Autism Refers To A Neuron Developmental Condition, Which

Autism refers to a neuron developmental condition, which impedes the normal child’s growth and progress within a social setting. According to Tzanakaki et al., â€Å"an autistic individual finds it challenging to interact with other people and cannot relate to societal norms ably† (63). Health practitioners believe that failure of neuron synaptic networks in the brain to develop in a normal way owing to chromosomal deficiency causes autism. The symptoms and signs of autism become visible right from infancy. For autistic patients, their cognitive processes are inhibited because their neuron synaptic junctions are underdeveloped. Arguably, although there is neither scientific nor a clinical, pathological experiment, which can prove with surety†¦show more content†¦Secondly, autism is a highly inheritable disease. The Medical Research Council (MRC) based in the United Kingdom pinpoints that the genetic effect on autism ranges between 74 to 98% according to their s tudy involving 258 twins (Hill et al. 15). They used both dizygotic and monozygotic twins raised within the same environmental setting by their parents. Dizygotic refers to twins that result from fertilization of two different eggs by two different sperms while monozygotic refers to twins that result from one egg fertilization by one sperm. The outcomes of the study indicate that if one identical twin suffers from the autism spectrum condition, there is approximately 76% probability that the other twin could be diagnosed with it (Biederman et al. 79). However, fraternal twins, a pair of twins of the same sex but not necessarily alike resulting from fertilization of two separate ova, exhibited a low prevalence rate. The proportion of fraternal twins with autism was 18% for girl-boy pairs and 34% for the same-sex twins (Jeste and Geschwind 77). This population-based twin illustration signifies the role played by genetics and most importantly opens up the likelihood of health practitio ners getting a better understanding of the autism condition. Correspondingly, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a family whose first child has autism has a 5% possibility that the second child would also have autismShow MoreRelatedAutism Is Not A Disease, But A Developmental Disorder Of Brain Function1465 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is not a disease, but a developmental disorder of brain function. People with classical autism show three types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and imagination, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. Symptoms of autism usually appear during the first three years of childhood and continue throughout life. Although there is no cure, appropriate management may help with normal development and reduce undesirable behaviorsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Aerobic Planar Exercise on the Stereotypical Behaviors of Adolescents with Autism Autism Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in information processing and social interactions. ASD symptoms include repetitive behavior, disordered language/communication, and unreciprocated social and emotional interaction. These impairments indicate underlying neurodevelopmental abnormalities and are often exhibited in delayed communication compared to those who are not on theRead MoreAmerican Psychiatric Association, 20003062 Words   |  13 PagesAccording to the DSM IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), the diagnostic category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. Parents may note symptoms as early as infancy, although the typical age of onset is before three years of age. Symptoms may include problems with using and understanding language; difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; unusual play withRead MoreThe Brillian t Club Final Assignment1683 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescence for example drink driving, what is fMRI, sMRI, PET and EEG. Main During adolescence the teenagers become more risky (take more risks), the frontal lobe (the brakes) are not fully developed so it can’t cope with the temporal lobe (accelerator) which can’t control itself, energetic, adventurous, independent, they will become more independent because of peer influence and just because it’s a sort of natural thing, more rebellious, again peer influenced, intellectual, the older you get the wiserRead MoreUnderlying Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1882 Words   |  8 PagesUnderlying Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Ariel Robinson Biology 4800-Fall 2016 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of significant impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as having a range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Figure 1 shows a representation of the symptoms and sub-types of disorders that are characterizedRead MoreHuman Development : A Life Span View By Kail And Cavanaugh1744 Words   |  7 Pagespaper explores two published articles that report on results from research conducted on social functioning of children with cerebral palsy, and a study of available techniques to improve cognitive function in cerebral palsy patients. This paper also refers to the published book, Human Development: A Life Span View by Kail and Cavanaugh (2016). This paper will examine the results of the differences in social and cognitive development of individuals with cerebral palsy and those without cerebral palsyRead MoreThe Development of Empathy10581 Words   |  43 Pagesdistinction between self and other is an important component of empathy. Research in this area suggests that different aspects of empathy interact with each other to produce empathic experiences (Decety Jackson 2004). Determining the age at which infants display empathy depends on your definition of empathy. Most models of empathy involve â€Å"an affective response that is more appropriate to another’s situation that one’s own† (Hoffman, 2000, p. 4). Hoffman’s model (1983) emphasizes a motivationalRead MoreFrom actions to empathy and morality9042 Words   |  37 PagesFebruary 2010 Available online 16 September 2010 Keywords: Mirror neuron system Limbic system Emotion Empathy Morality Neuroimaging a b s t r a c t Our culturally varied, complex social world, governed by unwritten moral codes that encourage afï ¬ liative helping behavior, may be subserved by the unique properties of a neural system for understanding the intentions and actions of others. The ï ¬ ring pattern of neurons within this system appears to ‘mirror’ an action performed and seen,Read MoreThe Developmental Period Of Toddlerhood3559 Words   |  15 Pages â€Æ' Introduction This paper will begin with examining the developmental period of toddlerhood (18 months through 3 years of age) for a young boy named Joey, age 2 and 1/2. It will then introduce the problem of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) in this stage of development, and some possible interventions to address this problem. After discussing these topics, this paper will describe how to assess RAD in a Joey, and his family, and how to engage Joey and his parents, Dave and Lisa in an interventionRead MoreWhat Are the Effects of Adhd in the Classroom?5060 Words   |  21 Pagesreaction and Hyperkinesis. Throughout this essay I will refer to it as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a disorder with an enduring biological cause. It is not merely the end result of deprived parenting or the annoying nature of the child. In some ways it is similar to other illnesses that arise in children, in that it can have serious effects if it is not sufficiently treated. ADHD is not a recently recognise condition. People with its symptoms have perhaps always existed

Free Handmaids Tales Life and Times of Mar Essay Example For Students

Free Handmaids Tales: Life and Times of Mar Essay garet Atwood Handmaids Tale EssaysThe Life and Times of Margaret Atwood Three Sources Cited Atwood was born in Ottawa, Ontario, on November 18, 1939. She lived in a cabin in the Canadian wilderness for most of her childhood (her father was a forest entomologist), and that is where she gained her love for books and reading probably from boredom. She also took up writing during this time, at the age of six (Margaret Atwood). Sshe came to want ot be a writer her senior year in high school when she says, all of a sudden a big thumb came out of the sky and touched my head and a poem was formed. Who would have thought that the young girl who lived in the woods would grow to become a prominent female writer and poet? Atwood went on to attend Victoria College at the University of Toronto. She received a bachelors degree there in 1961 and went on to receive her Masters from Radcliffe College in Cambridge, Mass. In addition, she attended Harvard University in 1962 63 and 1965 67 (Information Page). When she made the decision to be a writer she said she wanted to lead a double life. (Margaret Atwood). This double life would include going places I havent been; to examine life on earth; to come to know people in ways, and at depths, that are otherwise impossible; to be surprised.. .to give back something of what I have received, said Atwood (Margaret Atwood). She certainly achieved this goal of a double life. Atwood managed to live many places around the world in order to examine life on earth. Here is a time line of the places she lived during certain years of her life. 1939 1945: Ottawa 1945: Sault Ste. Marie 1946 1961: Toronto 1961 1963: Boston 1963 1964: Toronto 1964 1965: Vancouver 1965 1967: Boston 1967 1968: Montreal 1968 1970: Edmonton 1970 1971: England (London), France, Italy 1971 1972: Toronto 1973 1980: Alliston, Ontario 1980 1983: Toronto 1983 1984: England, Germany 1985: Alabama 1986 1991: Toronto 1992: France 1992 Present: Toronto As is evident, she liked to move around a lot and to see different people and different things (Information Page). Although Atwood would have preferred to stay home and write all day she did have a number of jobs over the years. From 1964 1965 she lectured English at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. She then moved on to Montreal where she was an English instructor at Sir George Williams University. She taught at the University of Alberta in 69 and 70, and in 71 and 72 she was an assistant Professor of English at York University in Toronto. She went on to hold many important positions and head many important chairs at universities in Canada, the United States and in Australia (Information Page). While she was working she managed to come out with many novels, poetry books and even a few screenplays. In 1961 she came out with her first poetry book, Double Persephone (Unofficial Shrine). On the contrary, Atwood is most highly recognized for her novels namely, The Edible Woman, Cats Eye, The Robber Bride, and The Handmaids Tale (Unofficial Shrine). The Edible Woman is a story about a woman named Marian McAlpin. She has just become engaged and now it seems that she cant eat, and, worse yet, she feels as if she is being eaten. The novel Cats Eye surrounds the life of Elaine Risley a journalist who has come back to the city of her childhood only to be haunted by images of the past. The Robber Bride is set in 1970s Canada, where three women and a femme fatale who has joined them in a story of sex and empowerment. Lastly, and most importantly in our case, is The Handmaids Tale. .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 , .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .postImageUrl , .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 , .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:hover , .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:visited , .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:active { border:0!important; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:active , .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306 .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2bc6aeaf7f4139f1eda9b7ded28cf306:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Proverb Analysis Essay It is the story of Offred, a handmaid to one of the Commanders of the Faithful, who must bear her masters child because his wife is barren (Amazon). All of these novels, in some way or another, incorporate women and their battles for certain roles in society. Without even consulting Atwood on the matter, you can tell that she has an interest in writing about women and their different roles in society. Although these are her most widely recognized novels, Mrs. Atwood has written many books over the course of her career. Here is a list of the novels that she has published over the years (Information Page). The Edible Woman; McClelland ; Stewart, 1969;Andre Deutsch, 1969; Atlantic Little-Brown, 1970. Surfacing; McClelland ; Stewart, 1972; Andre Deutsch, 1973; Simon ; Schuster, 1973. Lady Oracle; McClelland ; Stewart, Simon ; Schuster, Deutsch, 1976. Life Before Man; McClelland ; Stewart, 1979; Simon ; Schuster, Cape, 1980. Bodily Harm; McClelland ; Stewart, 1981; Simon ; Schuster, Cape, 1981. The Handmaids Tale; McClelland ; Stewart, Houghton Mifflin, 1985; Cape, 1985. Cats Eye; McClelland ; Stewart, 1988; Doubleday, 1989. The Robber Bride; McClelland ; Stewart, 1993; Bloomsbury, 1993; Doubleday, 1993. Alias Grace; McClelland ; Stewart, 1996; Bloomsbury, 1996; Doubleday, 1996. The Handmaids Tale is based on the early Puritan society in America (which Atwood studied while attending Harvard). The Puritans came to America in order to experience religious freedom, but what they eventually came to experience was a sort of theocracy. They didnt experience the freedom they came to America to find. Instead, most Puritans were oppressed by a few religious leaders. She has won many awards and honorary degrees for the books she has written. The list is a mile long so we cant really put them on paper. The most notables of these awards, however, are The Presidents Award and the Toronto Arts Award. The excellence in Margaret Atwoods writing is unmistakable. The question we kept asking though, was whether or not she is really a science-fiction writer or just a normal novelist. When asked is she considered the Handmids Tale to be Science Fiction she replied that is is more speculative than sci-fi. It is a twist of todays society, was her quote in the interview.Therefore, she really doesnt consider herself a science fiction writer. She would more likely call herself a poet or a novelist. Many people also refer to her as a social activist. Mrs. Atwood is referred to as this because she examines issues in society by altering them slightly in her works. In doing this, she informs us of what could happen to our society in hopes of saving us from repeating our mistakes. Works Cited http://www.web.net/owtoad/toc.html (The Margaret Atwood Information page) http://sac.uky.edu/~jrdona0/MA/bib.html (The Unofficial Shrine to Margaret Atwood) http://www.kutztown.edu/faculty/reagan/atwood.html (Margaret Atwood) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/subst/home/home.html/002-5215050-2801842 (Amazon)

White Noise By Don DeLillo Essays - Postmodern Theory, White Noise

White Noise By Don DeLillo Just how much does television shape our perception of the world around us? Don DeLillo's post modernistic novel, White Noise, offers one view concerning the huge impact television has on our lives and how it shapes our observations of the world. The television in this book is portrayed almost as a character due to its importance in the individuals' lives. White Noise contains the message that the amount of television coverage determines the importance of an event. An example of this is when the refugees from the toxic cloud feel let down when they only rate ?fifty-two words by actual count- no film footage, no live report" (161) in the news. A man ponders, ?Isn't fear news (161). Jack's ex-wife, Tweedy, is shocked to find that the passengers of a plane which almost crashed "went through all that for nothing" since "there is no media in Iron City" (92). To the characters in the novel, only media coverage brings an event into existence. Television shapes the characters' behavior in White Noise. During the ?airborne toxic event?, the Gladney family attempts to keep up with the currently reported symptoms caused by the event. The symptoms that Steffie and Denise suffer from during the toxic spill are forgotten immediately after they are told by the television that they should be experiencing the effects of ?d?j? vu?. The submissive obeying of the citizens of Blacksmith illustrates the controlling power of the television. The characters try to think as the television has told them they should. They feel betrayed when certain aspects of their lives do not fit in to their beliefs based on what they see in the media. Jack complains to his wife, Babette, "these things happen to poor people who live in exposed areas. ... I'm a college professor. Did you ever see a college professor rowing a boat down his own street in one of those TV floods? ... These things don't happen in places like Blacksmith" (114). Because Jack has only seen disasters on television, he cannot imagine the airborne toxic event happening to him in reality. The characters' expectations are defined by the influence of the television in White Noise. Television also impacts the characters' powers of imagination, and makes them imitate what they view. An example of this is when a random woman on the street only appears as a ?real? person to Jack after he pictures her "in a soup commercial" (22). One important function of television in the novel is to manipulate the characters' minds. The loss of reality is another negative effect television is responsible for. This is best seen in the example where the Gladney family comes across Babette's face on TV, as the local station is televising her posture class. At the sight of her, Jack and the children are immediately speechless and confused. They feel that the short-lived image has been somehow transferred to Babette. Jack states, "she was shining a light on us, she was coming into being, endlessly being formed and reformed as the muscles in her face worked at smiling and speaking, as the electronic dots swarmed" (104). The non-permanence of her image on television also emphasizes Babette's own mortality. At first Jack wonders whether he is watching "her spirit, her secret self, some two-dimensional facsimile released by the power of technology" (104). To her family, Babette appears "distanced, sealed off, timeless" (104), taking on the characteristics of the television. It seems as if the real Babette is not as important as her image of ?electrons and photons? (104) on the television. Television is used as a family bonding time for the Gladney family. On Friday nights, Babette has made it a rule for the whole family to watch together while eating take-out Chinese food. She believes that, ?the effect would be to de-glamorize the medium in their eyes, make it a wholesome domestic sport. Its narcotic undertow and eerie diseased brain-sucking power would be gradually reduced?(16). Communication takes place through the television rather than through human interaction. The family only comes together while watching disasters on television. Jack's colleague's reasoning for this bonding activity is, ?we're suffering from brain fade? we need a catastrophe to break up the incessant bombardment of information (66)?. Another co-worker states that ?a forest fire on TV is on a lower plane than a ten-second spot for Automatic Dishwasher All (67)?. He suggests that commercials have a greater impact on the viewers than a disaster. Our society is desensitized to tragedies, such as murders, and not fully impacted by

Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Essays

Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Essays Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Paper Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Paper there are three choices: obey them, obey them while working to change them, or transgress them at once. Consequently, both chooses to passively resist the laws they believed that are against their morals, and are prepared to accept imprisonment . The exercise of passive resistance is the basis of the title of Thoreaus work, and King presents several examples of civil disobedience in his letter, including the Boston Tea Party. King not only exercises passive resistance, he also provides the procedure to be followed for any nonviolent campaign. Nonviolence offers a creative outlet for represses emotions which might otherwise result in violence. If King was an extremist, then he was an extremist for love. There were four basic steps in his nonviolent campaign: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustice exist, negotiation, self-purification, and direct actionâ€Å"(King 658). He points out that he has gone through all the steps, and direct action is what brought him to the Birmingham Jail. Recognition of injustice and passive resistance described by both authors is to point out the need of government reformation. Thoreau recommended using direct action to create social tension, thus leading to the reform of unjust laws practiced by the government. He voiced civil disobedience as, â€Å"An expression of the individual’s liberty to create change† (642). Thoreau felt that the government had established order that resisted reform and change. â€Å"Action from principle, the perception and performance of right, changes things and relations; it is essentially revolutionary† (643) Thoreau calls for a better government, immediately, and points out that the fastest way to improve government is to Let every man make know what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it (638). He states his views in the following passage: But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it. (638) King does not directly states the need to reform government, but instead, he states the need to reform the existing social structure, which goes hand in hand with governmental progress. He advocates social equality and racial justice, believing Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds (657), and passively fighting against unjust laws forced upon the minority. Even though Thoreau agreed with King on the issues, he also made contradictory statements directly against what he supported. He wrote If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go†(Thoreau 644), stating that if injustice was inevitable and helped to improve government, then it was justified. Opposed to his passive resistance, he also justified bloodshed as he stated But even suppose blood should flow. Is there not a sort of blood shed when the conscience is wounded? (Thoreau 646). As for improvements to government, he believed That government is best which governs least (Thoreau 637). Thoreau expresses an eagerness to conform to the laws of the land as long as there is no moral principle to be violated. He is willing to obey those who know more than he; yet the authority of the government depends upon the consent of the governed. â€Å"There will never be a really free and enlightened State, until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power, from which all it’s own power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly† (654). Thoreau would rather up end in jail than go against his will. The passage, †Your money is your life, why should I haste to give it my money?† (648) illustrates how strongly he felt. Thoreau never rallied hundreds of thousands of people together, violently or nonviolently, to get reactions. Instead, he went to jail to protest and wrote his essay, â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† King took the same idea of direct action to protest the injustices brought upon black Americans in the United States. He used peaceful sit-ins and rallies to unite the black community. These non-violent acts of public speech and action eventually lead to King’s arrest. Here in Birmingham, Alabama he wrote, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham City Jail† telling the clergymen he wanted direct action, which purpose was â€Å"to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation†(659). Thoreaus writing is vague, and mostly an appeal to the intellect, which sharply contrasted with the writing of King, an appeal to the emotion of the readers. Although both writing made similar points, they are also a sharp contrast of the other and undoubtedly very unique. Both used civil disobedience to change people’s ideas and beliefs to stop the injustice brought against them and their nation. Thoreau and King definitely shared many of the same ideas of how to deal with unjust laws performed by the government. Thoreau didn’t have the legions of followers King did, but he still made a long-term impact. King actually adopted Thoreau’s teachings and ideas of direct action and used them in leading the movement to end racial segregation in the United States. Both men inspired reforms and also much overturning of unjust laws and customs in our country. We, as a society, should look at these two people as heroic figures and learn from their teachings. This will help us better our knowledge of how to use non-violent direct action for future national and international problems we may encounter.

How to Display and Edit MEMO Fields in Delphis TDBGrid

How to Display and Edit MEMO Fields in Delphis TDBGrid   If you are developing database applications with tables containing MEMO fields, youll notice that, by default, the TDBGrid component does not show the contents of a MEMO field inside a DBGrid cell. This article provides an idea of how to solve this TMemoFields issue (with a few more tricks)... TMemoField Memo fields are used to represent lengthy text or combinations of text and numbers. When building database applications using Delphi, the TMemoField object is used to represent a memo field in a dataset. TMemoField encapsulates the fundamental behavior common to fields that contain text data or arbitrary length. In most databases, the size of the Memo field is limited by the size of the database. While you can display the contents of a MEMO field in a TDBMemo component, by design the TDBGrid will only display (Memo) for the contents of such fields. In order to actually display some text (from the MEMO field) in the appropriate DBGrid cell, youll only need to add a simple line of code ... For the purpose of the next discussion, lets say you have a database table named TestTable with at least one MEMO field named Data. OnGetText To show the contents of a MEMO field in the DBGrid, you need to attach a simple line of code in the fields  OnGetText  event. The easiest way to create the OnGetText event handler is to use the Fields editor at design time to create a persistent field component for the memo field: Connect your TDataset descendant component (TTable, TQuery, TADOTable, TADOQuery ....) to the TestTable database table.Double click the dataset component to open the Fields editorAdd the MEMO field to the list of persistent fieldsSelect the MEMO field in the Fields editorActivate the Events tab in the Object InspectorDouble click the OnGetText event to create the event handler Add the next line of code (italicized below): procedure TForm1.DBTableDataGetText( Sender: TField; var Text: String; DisplayText: Boolean); begin Text : Copy(DBTableData.AsString, 1, 50); Note: the dataset object is called DBTable, the MEMO field is called DATA, and therefore, by default, the TMemoField connected to the MEMO database field is called DBTableData. By assigning  DBTableData.AsString  to the  Text  parameter of the OnGetText event, we tell Delphi to display ALL the text from the MEMO field in a DBGrid cell.You can also  adapt the DisplayWidth  of the memo field to a more appropriate value. Note: since MEMO fields can be quite BIG, it is a good idea to show only a part of it. In the above code, only the first 50 characters are displayed. Editing on a separate form By default, the TDBGrid does not allow editing of MEMO fields. If you want to enable in place editing, you could add some code to react on a user action that shows a separate window that allows editing using a TMemo component.For the sake of simplicity well open an editing window when ENTER is pressed on a MEMO field in a DBGrid.Lets use the  KeyDown  event of a DBGrid component: procedure TForm1.DBGrid1KeyDown( Sender: TObject; var Key: Word; Shift: TShiftState); begin if Key VK_RETURN then begin if DBGrid1.SelectedField DBTableData then with TMemoEditorForm.Create(nil) do try DBMemoEditor.Text : DBTableData.AsString; ShowModal; DBTable.Edit; DBTableData.AsString : DBMemoEditor.Text; finally Free; end; end; end; Note 1: the TMemoEditorForm is a secondary form containing only one component: DBMemoEditor (TMemo).Note 2: the TMemoEditorForm was removed from the Auto-create forms list in the Project Options dialog window. Lets see what happens in the DBGrid1s KeyDown event handler: When a user presses the ENTER key (we are comparing the Key parameter to the VK_RETURN  virtual key code) [Key VK_RETURN],If the currently selected field in the DBGrid is our MEMO field (DBGrid1.SelectedField DBTableData),We create the TMemoEditorForm [TMemoEditorForm.Create(nil)],Send the value of the MEMO field to the TMemo component [DBMemoEditor.Text : DBTableData.AsString],Display the form modally [ShowModal],When a user finishes with editing and closes the form, we need to put the dataste into the Edit mode [DBTable.Edit],In order to be able to assign the edited value back to our MEMO field [DBTableData.AsString : DBMemoEditor.Text]. Note: if you are looking for more TDBGrid related articles and usage tips, be sure to visit: TDBGrid to the MAX tips collection.

Introduction to Organisations and Management Assignment - 3

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Assignment Example Business is a dynamic process governed by the economic, political and social environment in which it operates. Due to rapid changes in the operating environment entrepreneurs need to dynamic in their approach to devising and implementing strategies for growth and development. Businesses create opportunities within the community to grow and prosper. The report provides an assessment of the changes taking place in the business processes over the past few decades through a comparative analysis of the existing practices at H&M Consulting and Watson Engine Components. While Watson Engine Components exhibit a conventional style of management based on traditional values and practices, H&M Consulting offers a modern approach to dealing with its employees and customers. The strategic management practices here are based on innovative work culture that applies employee empowerment theories and open organization system that promotes employee commitment and proactive behaviour at workplace. The n ext few sections analyse these practices and highlight the significance of modern day management strategies through a comparative assessment of these two firms. ... In current business context, entrepreneurs re-engineer business processes to accommodate a flatter organization structure that necessitates free flow of information and knowledge to the workforce. Watson’s business strategy focuses on conventional business management approach that adopted a top down hierarchical structure. While this conventional form of management practice is successful in instilling discipline within the organization, it fails to motivate employees to perform better. Over the past few years Watsons has faced significant challenges in meeting the needs and requirements of the evolving business climate. The problems are evident in the difficulties faced by the organization in meeting delivery schedules and retaining employees. The management is opposed to innovative strategies that can help the company in boosting employee morale, productivity and performance efficiencies. The staff participation and involvement in decision making process within the organizati on is missing and the managers believe in adopting an authoritative style of leadership to promote business goals. Traditional organizations employees were provided with directives on how to get a task done and it was effective in accomplishing organizational goals. However, the employees simply followed directions and were not given the scope to think and act. This restricted their scope of personal and professional growth that had a negative impact on their performance in the long run. Participatory style of management is highly effective owing to their impact on employee decision making abilities, performance level, and positive reinforcement at work (Jelinek, 2010). â€Å"Business firms around the world are

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Report - Essay Example Customer service is a process used by the organisations to provide customers with the needs and wants. The travel and tourism industry is one which is very large and there is a high level of direct customer interaction in this industry. Over the years, with the level of disposable income rising in the country, the customers are able and willing to spend more on various services related to travel and tourism and various researches have highlighted that customers are able to spend heavily on their travel and tourism needs. Saying this is also important to understand, that with an increase of the number of people indulging in the travel and tourism, the need for customer service has also grown to a higher extent. The travel industry requires to follow the ABTA rules. The main aim of the ABTA policies is to ensure that all the members of the travel industry and that all the customers and the members of the travel industry are provided with high levels of quality and customer service. All the travel related companies need to follow the rules set down by the ABTA and are obliged to follow the rules and regulations and policies set down by the ABTA. Customer Service is an essential part of Customer relationship management. Customer relationship management, which is widely known as CRM holds an enormous importance in today’s competitive world. This is clear from the several different mission statements and the vision statements that are presented by the companies across the world. An excellent example for the mission statements is, ‘It is the policy of McDonnell & Miller to provide products and services to the market which meet or exceed the reasonable expectations of our customers. Satisfying our customers with the appropriate level of quality is a primary goal and a fundamental element of our business mission’ (Mission Statements, 2010). Various changes have

Poverty and Pollution Essay Example for Free

Poverty and Pollution Essay Determine the ethical implications of business polluting in third world country. Explain your rationale. The Third World refers to the poorer and undeveloped countries of the world. Often, these countries have extremely poor environmental situations. Countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia are the greatest victims of this environmental inequality. In addition to problems created by development and industrialization, poorer nations also suffer environmental difficulties caused by poverty and war, among other causes. Many environmental problems arise in the Third World. Air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and poisoning of the environment are among the largest of these. (pollution problems on third world , 1999) The businesses that are polluting in a third world country are the businesses that think that because the third world countries are poor and under developed. They do not have the restriction that the U.S. does to prevent business from doing everything that they can to the environment, These countries are left with making decision on whether are not to eat are having clean environment. What do you think they are choosing to do? We sometime take advantage of people because of the situation they are in at the time. The Western countries take advantage of these Third World countries. They dump their trash and other hazardous waste into these Third World countries. The First World companies will go into these countries and build plants, which will pollution the air, in Third World nations to not have to deal with the regulations that they would face at home. Some of the transnational corporations that produce hazardous chemicals look at as overly dangerous in the First World find an acceptable market in the Third World. There, governments cannot restrict usage of these chemicals. They are trying to provide a way for its citizens to make a living. How can this be fair? How can these business live with themselves. What I have stated time and time again it always comes back to money. Suggest the reasons a business may conduct operations in a third world country and disregard any standards of pollution control. We see the pollution problem affecting the whole world. Industries are going overseas because the cost of labor is a lot cheaper. Therefore all they want to do is make a big profit by paying less and acquiring quality goods and services. (pollution problems on third world , 1999) Industries don’t care about the employees never the less about the environment. Laws and regulations a lot different in third world countries and there is a lot of corruption too; with this been said if anyone complaints money is the solution. Also as I mention before countries of the Third World struggle with population growth, poverty, famines, and wars, their residents are discovering the environmental effects of these problems, in the form of increasing air, water, and land pollution. Industrialized nations often dump wastes in developing countries where there is little or no environmental regulation, and governments may collect considerable fees for accepting their garbage. And not only that some of this garbage can be hazards not only for the environment but to the individuals leave close to this dump sites this third world countries would accept garbage for money this is hard to believe. This industries move to third world countries because there is not pollution controlled laws. Therefore industries are not allowed to manufacture of produce certain things their only option is to move if they want to still be in business. (gale, 2005) It has been said that pollution is the price of progress. Assess the connection between economic progress and development, on the one hand, and pollution controls and environmental protection, on the other. The optimal level of pollution is supposed to be the level at which the costs to the company of cleaning up the pollution equal the cost of environmental damage caused by that pollution. If the pollution charge is equivalent to the cost of environmental damage then the theory says that the company will clean up its pollution until any further incremental reduction in pollution would cost more than the remaining charge, that is until it is cheaper to pay the charge than reduce the pollution. This might seem to be less than optimal solutions to the community but economists argue that the polluter is better off than if it had paid to eliminate the pollution altogether and the community is no worse off because it is being compensated by the firm for the damage through the payments to the government. In theory the payments made by firms in the form of charges can be used to correct the environmental damage they cause. (beder, 1996) Support the argument that human beings have a moral right to a livable environment regardless of the country they live in. Every person in every community has the right to health, and to a safe and healthy environment. Unfortunately, these rights are often not respected. Many people suffer from serious health problems caused by a scarcity of basic necessities and an excess of harmful substances. The most vulnerable people are those who have low status because of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, class, caste, poverty, or for other reasons. They usually suffer first, and worst. The struggle to live in a healthy, safe, productive, and enjoyable environment by communities whose rights are not well respected by people in power is sometimes called the struggle for environmental justice. As part of the human rights; each human being has a moral right to life and to a livable environment. Also is not fair for these individuals from third world countries to suffer from more things they’re already struggling and then u have industries polluting their environment. Everyone should be able to have a good environment to live in. Also something that caught my attention is the even though here in the United States of America we have good environment individuals don’t not how to take care of it. For example people throwing garbage out their cars windows or disposing of chemicals in their back yard. This types of thing can cause damage to our environment. Take a position on whether nations have an obligation to provide poorer nations with, or help them develop, greener industries and sources of energy. Explain your rationale. Although some of this nations are poor they can also be rich because of natural resource for example oil, gold and expensive minerals. Many third world countries have been able to be successful because of natural resources. I think that if a nation is wealthy and individuals are happy, then it should help other nations because today for them and tomorrow for us. We never know when we are going to need someone’s help. Therefore it is not an obligation to other nations but it’s good to show support. The United States of America is known for helping others but I know there is always an interest or a agreement to repay the USA. Also increasingly, through globalization, many countries have become dependent on each other. While some countries are endowed with better quality resources, others have to be satisfied with current resources. History has shown that the poorer countries are usually those more vulnerable to disasters (economically and socially) and are less equipped to overcome these disasters. Rich countries, therefore, are consistently required to support those poorer countries through international aid. However, the right type of aid is more important than the quantity of aid. Rich countries should invest in the human capital of poor countries, provide defense against wars, and help develop the skills of the people instead of simply providing donations. There should be agreements and follow-ups on how the aid is being used. Propose a plan for uniform global pollution control standards and how you would enforce them. It’s hard to say how something can be done about this the procedures and norms are in place now. I think pollution is always going to be an issue and it’s going to be too late when individuals try to help with the problem. The only thing I can suggest is to maybe have dump sites in out of space and if the garbage tries to enter earth of other planet it would burn anyways. But to enforce new regulation it’s going to be a challenge hopefully they can come out with a solution soon. Industries are not going to stop producing thing while the demand is high. And if we told inviduals that this is harmful for the earth that they need to stop they would just laugh References Pollution problems on third world . (1999). Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Economics/pollution_problems_in_the_thir.html Beder, S. (1996). charging the earth: the promotion of price- based measures for pollution. Retrieved from http://www.herinst.org/sbeder/enveconomics/economics.html

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay: Use of Symbolism :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Use of Symbolism in To Kill A Mockingbird "I'd rather you shoot at tin cans in the backyard, but I know you'll go after birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want , if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." This is what Atticus Finch tells his children after they are given air-rifles for Christmas. Uniquely, the title of the classic novel by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird, was taken from this passage. At first glance, one may wonder why Harper Lee decided to name her book after what seems to be a rather insignificant excerpt. After careful study, however, one begins to see that this is just another example of symbolism in the novel. Harper Lee uses symbolism rather extensively throughout this story, and much of it refers to the problems of racism in the South during the early twentieth century. Harper Lee's effective use of racial symbolism can be seen by studying various examples from the book. This includes the actions of the children, the racist whites, and the actions of Atticus Finch. The actions of the children in this novel certainly do have their share of symbolism. For instance, the building of a snowman by Jem and Scout one winter is very symbolic. There was not enough snow to make a snowman entirely out of snow, so Jem made a foundation out of dirt, and then covered it with what snow they had. One could interpret this in two different ways. First of all, the creation of the snowman by Jem can be seen as being symbolic of Jem trying to cover up the black man and showing that he is the same as the white man, that all human beings are virtually the same. Approval of these views is shown by Atticus when he tells Jem, "I didn't know how you were going to do it, but from now on I'll never worry about what'll become of you, son, you'll always have an idea." The fire that night that engulfed Miss Maudie Atkinson's house can be seen as the prejudice of Maycomb County, as the fire melted the snow from the snowman, and left nothing but a clump of mud. The fire depicts the prejudice people of the county saying that blacks and whites are, certainly, not the same. Another way of looking at the symbolism of the snowman would be to say that Jem's combination of mud and snow signifies miscegenation, marriage or sexual relations between persons of different races.

Jim Teague in Tanzania

Jim Outage, an MBA associate with a diploma in engineering, is hired for a summer internship in rural Africa to be an officer of a U. S- based social investment firm that is looking for an important agribusiness project in Africa. A small successful company in Tanzania â€Å"Cigarillo† is in the run for being financed by Agrarian. Upon his arrival in Tanzania, he is faced upon two issues: Cigarillo faces some major health-safety issues with the risks of spreading E-coli among the population.Another problem Jim Outage is facing is the fact that he does not know exactly whether the company that identified the potential contamination of E-coli found a real problem or is Just looking for a payoff as Baby is stipulating. The quandary Jims employer is subjecting too is either to withdraw their investment or Just ignore the allegations against the local company. This paper will identify the issues in the case, explain the legal issues and give some recommendations on how Jim Outage c an resolve these issues to save his company's reputation.Identify the major cultural differences and the resulting ethical, or legal challenges Jim Outage faced working at Cigarillo in Tanzania. Jim Outage faces some cultural differences when he went to Tanzania. The major cultural difference he encountered is the fact that people in Tanzania are easily variable. In the video â€Å"Spotlight on India and Mexico† both countries are attractive markets with low cost manufacturing bases, but they have high risks business environment. This is the case for Tanzania, the difference in culture makes it hard for foreign people to do business.First, when he first got to Tanzania, to find his apartment he had to give some money to the person who helped him find his apartment because he had some issues finding direction. That was the first cultural shock he encountered. Second, he was facing himself with some major ethical, or legal challenges in Tanzania different from what he encounter ed in the United States. When he was first arrested by the police officer he had no choice that to bribe a police officer who stopped him illegally without no Justifying reasons.Facing with making the decision of either spending the night in a Tanzania Jail or giving something to the police officer so he can leave in peace he offered the police officer the Cad's of Jim Reeves that belonged to Baby. When Baby mentioned that the Tanzania Certification Agency (TCL) had discovered traces of E-coli in Sourpuss's most popular product, Baby immediately assumed that it is a case of bribery because that is the legal environment in Tanzania. People are faced with constant bribery so it pertains on their ability to make a good Judgment of any situation they enter.The cultural differences Jim Outage encountered since his arrival in Tanzania blurred his ability to think critically. Jim Outage was sort of bribed by Baby and his wife. Since his arrival they treated him as a king and Baby even went head and offered him a car, and they invited him all the time for a meal. In Tanzania, they treat business partners as family members. As the case with Jim Outage, Baby and mama treated him as he was their son and even took the liberty to ask Jim to marry a woman from â€Å"Tanzania† called â€Å"shaggy woman† (p. 3). How did Jim Outage get into the difficulty in which he finds himself?Does he bear some responsibility for his predicament? There are many reasons why Jim Outage found was supposed to. He was blurred by everything Baby and Mama offered him. By doing that, Baby was making sure Jim Outage was closed to him. So when he explained him the situation about the company that discovered E. Coli, Jim Tease's opinion was already biased because he was forced to think as a local citizen will think. He put himself in this situation because he felt for what Baby and Mama did for him. They were only business partners, he should have kept some boundaries and do his Job the way he was supposed to.He believed what Baby told him about the TCL without making his own research first. In addition, when they went to the farm, he decided not to talk about his impressions and findings to Baby knowing the risk the farmers where taking by using cow manure. The fact that Jim Outage is inexperienced also played some responsibility for this difficulty he encountered. He was not prepared enough for the problems facing the society in Tanzania. What encouraged Jim to pay off the police? Do Stagehand's â€Å"five rules† suggest methods Jim could have used to avoid paying bribes?Jim a couple of days after coming to Tanzania found himself in a complicated situation with a police officer who arrested him illegally. He decided to pay off the police officer with the Cad's of Jim Reeves belonging to Baby. Jim was encourages to pay off the police officer because he did not want to go to Jail. It was either paying off the officer or go into the pain of being locked up f or something he did not do. He did not think about it twice while he was giving the CD because his decision was the most rational decision at the time. He could have avoided bribery by using Stagehand's â€Å"five rules† to avoid bribery.The first rule according to Eastland is to never assume that you have to give bribe. In Jims case, he did not try to negotiate with the office; he directly assumed that the police officer wanted something in return of his freedom that is why he gave him the Cad's. The second rule is to â€Å"Just say no. According to the author even if asked people have to resist the urge to bribe by Just saying no. Jim could have explained to the officer that he was new in the city and he did not intend to violate rules while driving and assume the consequences of his act.The third rule is to look for legal and ethical ways to meet the person needs without bribing. Eastland gives three examples of ways to do that: offer an expense paid visit to the home cou ntry or offer training course in home country, make an accommodate donation, and finally do something personal for the person. In Jims case knowing that the officer arrested him illegally thou no reason he could have done him a favor by doing something personal for the officer such as invite him to the restaurant if he let him go or offer him a pass for an event.The fourth rule is to find some creative ways to attend your goals without jeopardizing your integrity. Jim Outage could have found some ways not to bribe the officer by using his head. The fifth rule is to know the culture of the country in question. By knowing exactly how the Tanzania culture works, he could have avoided to give away Abs's CD and still get away without any problem. What action should Jim recommend to his U. S. Oppressor, Allen?In proposing a responsible solution, consider international standards for business practices, the varying impacts, determine the economic outcomes, consider the legal requirements, a nd evaluate ethical obligations. How would you communicate your decision to Baby? Business practices, the impacts his decisions will have, determine the economic outcomes, consider the legal requirements, and evaluate ethical obligations. Jim should tell the truth no matter what to his U. S. Supervisor. He should make a decision based on the facts and those facts state that Cigarillo flour is contaminate.In addition, he saw some additional proofs even though that could explain the E. Coli contamination by the use of cow manure. He needs to weigh both situations and decide which one will make the most arm. He has the choice of letting go of the situation and act as if the Tanzania company Just want a bribe or say â€Å"no† which will make a big impact on the population in Tanzania. DRY states companies should take into account the micro-risks they will face in a given company such as systemic, procedural, distributive, and catastrophic (p. 107). In this case, the procedural po litical risk is the one related to Tanzania.Countries transactions or authorizations to do something important in a given country could be stopped by political actions, public fraud or a partisan Judicial system. Jim should take into considerations the micro issues while talking with his supervisor. That will help him elucidate the problem because he is the one in the country; he understands better the culture now that he lives there. The video â€Å"the new global challengers† explains that internationally active firms create Jobs thereby create increasing the living standards of the population concerned. Tanzania is considered as an emerging market.According to the video, merging markets are characterized by inadequate infrastructures, underdeveloped legal system, and high risks business environments. This is exactly what Tanzania is going through. Knowing those issues will help Jim determine the best solution. In this case, a negative answer will be more beneficial and mor e economic because the company will save money by not investing on a business that is doomed to failure in the long run. Even if they decide to ignore the allegations against Cigarillo, they will still pay the price if people find that such a reputable company such as Agrarian was implicated in such allegations.This will completely mess up their reputation. Jim should recommend not toggle the loan to Cigarillo no matter what will happen to his relationships with Baby. This is for his best interest. The ethical obligations force him to tell exactly what is going on by being neutral without taken any side. That meaner explaining the use of cow manure while making the flour and take into account the content of the report even though Baby thinks the company is Just looking to be bribed. Jim should communicate his decision to Baby by explaining him the danger that E. Coli will have on the customers.Baby should understand that ensuing the loan ill have a big impact and endanger the health of thousands of people and put Agrarian at risk. Henequen He should also explain that he has his hands tight and that he might get fired if he does not make the right decision. This technique might alleviate the anger Baby will have against Jim after telling him. Where would you go for guidance, either within or outside your company and organization. In the absence of guidance, what would you do? For guidance within the company I will ask my follow coworkers what they think of the situation, and what they think I should do.It's always good to know what other people think before acting. In Jims case, his friend's remark helped me realized that if he was in the United States he would have acted differently. In the absence of guidance, I will Just follow my instinct and do what is the loan will deprive hundreds of farmers their income. The right thing is this case seems to be going a â€Å"no† decision because it will have less effect than going with a â€Å"yes. † Brief ly outline the key components of an ethics or compliance program for a small-sized foreign company that would provide guidance on the types of issues Jim faced at Cigarillo.Effective compliance programs fits exactly the specific business ND the risks associated with the business in question. 1. Develop open lines of communication. For a compliance program to be effective, the most important element is that employees feel comfortable asking questions and reporting possible violations. * Establish an open-door policy for the compliance official or committee and the highest level of on-site management to receive employee reports. * Guarantee that there will be no retaliation against employees who make good-faith reports of misconduct. Provide an anonymous suggestion box, which may induce some employees to report problems. 2. Identify the risks. Management must first ferret out risks that the company faces, so the right factors can be monitored, audited and evaluated. A wide range of po tential risks should be considered, including: Environmental risks (clean air and water, hazardous waste disposal, transportation of hazardous materials, etc. ) * Health and safety * Money laundering, especially when involved with foreign entities 3. Establish standards and procedures.Some fundamental standards and procedures should be included in any organization's compliance program. For example, every business should: * Adhere to a record retention policy. Perform background screening of potential employees. * Develop forms to address recurring issues, so that incidents are recorded fully and consistently. 4. Designate a compliance official or committee. Every compliance program must be overseen by an individual or committee that has ultimate accountability. These duties might include: * Overseeing and monitoring the implementation of the compliance program. Establishing methods to improve quality of service and reduce vulnerability to fraud and abuse.

Portable Languages & Component Reusability

Java is a programming language that uses object-oriented codes along with reusing code components. This paper will briefly describe how Java achieves these two important features, and why the features are desirable in modern software engineering. Object-Oriented: Java achieves object-oriented programming language by using classes and objects to organize the data. Also, many of the object-oriented programming concepts are implemented in Java. Some concepts are: class, object, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Java allows component reusability through the inheritance concept. This means that all the public codes inside the parent class can be re-used inside the child class (Gaddis, 2011). Desirable: These features are desirable in modern programing or software engineering because of the reusability the coding can go through. One code can be used in several places or parts of a code can be re-write to fit into a different part of a program that is needed. Conclusion: Java is necessary for applications to run over the internet from a web server, and applets that run in a web browser. It is formed of different components that can be used over and over to form a software program. Engineers desire Java because of its usability through the inheritance concept.

Case Study- Problem Statement Example

Case Study Case Study Case study- problem ment Poor prediction and production planning has led to insufficiency in order fill time for the production line. The situation is evident in Meditech firm, which is a company that produces and supplies endoscopic surgical equipments. The poor prediction of the demand led to shortage of the company’s goods in the market (Meditech 22). Meditech’s products are cheaper and innovative compared to its competitors. As a result, the demand for its goods is very high in the market. However, since the firm had not planned to meet the high demands in the market, it has been experiencing enormous pressure. Each time the firm introduces new products, they are widely accepted. However, customers become disappointed and frustrated due to the firm’s poor delivery services. For instance, after ordering the company’s products, its customers have to wait for more than six weeks before getting their goods. Poor delivery services in the health system can l ead to deaths of many individuals. It is important to note that such factors destroy the firm’s reputation in the market (Meditech Surgery 18). Meditech’s inability to effectively forecast the demand for its goods is caused by the inability to track the information required to measure its forecasts effectively. The firm lacks past forecast and demand information. The poor production planning was also caused by high inventory levels. Panic ordering is also a factor that contributed to the high demand from Meditech’s goods. The delayed delivery of good makes customers to order more products than they need hoping that the firm will deliver some of their orders.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Meditech Surgical Case. 1995. Print

Catharine Beecher Biography

Catharine Beecher Biography Catharine Beecher was an American author and educator, born into a family of religious activists. She spent her life working to further the education of women, believing that educated and moral women were the foundation of family life in society. Catharine Beecher Fast Facts Born: September 6, 1800 in East Hampton, New YorkDied: May 12, 1878 in Elmira, New YorkParents: Lyman Beecher and Roxana FooteSiblings: Harriet Beecher Stowe and Henry Ward BeecherKnown For: American activist who believed that educated and moral women were the foundation of an upright society. She worked to further educational opportunities for women in the nineteenth century but opposed womens suffrage. Early Life Catharine Beecher was the eldest of 13 children born to Lyman Beecher and his wife, Roxana Foote. Lyman was a Presbyterian minister and outspoken activist, and was the founder of the American Temperance Society. Catharines siblings included Harriet, who would grow up to be an abolitionist and write Uncle Toms Cabin, and Henry Ward, who became a clergyman whose activism included social reforms and the abolitionist movement. Like many young ladies at the time, Catharine, who was born in 1800, spent the first ten years of her life being educated at home. Later, her parents sent her to private school in Connecticut, but she was dissatisfied with the curriculum. Subjects like mathematics, philosophy, and Latin were not available in girls schools, so Catharine learned these on her own. After her mother died in 1816, Catharine returned home and took over the running of her fathers household and supervision of her younger siblings; a few years later she began working as a teacher. By the time she was 23, she and her sister Mary had opened the Hartford Female Seminary to provide educational opportunities for girls. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Activism Catharine believed that it was important for women to be well-educated, so she taught herself all sorts of subjects that she could then pass along to her students. She learned Latin from her brother Edward, the headmaster of another school in Hartford, and studied chemistry, algebra, and rhetoric. She presented the novel idea that young women could learn all of these subjects from a single teacher, and soon her school was in high demand. She also believed that ladies benefited from physical activity, which was a revolutionary concept. Catharine disdained the poor health that was brought on by tight corsets and poor diets, so she developed a calisthenics plan for her students. She soon began writing about her curriculum, to serve as a guide for other teachers. Catharine felt the primary goal of education should be to provide a basis for the development of the student’s conscience and moral makeup. Catharine Beecher. Black Batchelder  / Schlesinger Library / Public Domain As her students grew up and moved on, Catharine shifted her focus to the roles that they would eventually play in society. Although she strongly believed that child-rearing and running the domestic aspects of a home were a source of pride for women, she also felt that women were entitled to respect and responsibility outside of their roles as wives and mothers. In the 1830s she followed her father, Lyman, to Cincinnati, and opened the Western Female Institute. Her goal was to educate women so they could become teachers, which had traditionally been a male-dominated profession. Catharine, who never married, saw women as natural teachers, with education as an extension of their roles as the guides of domestic home life. Because more men were leaving the world of education to go into industry, training women as teachers was a perfect solution. After a few years, she closed the school due to a lack of public support. The Beechers were not popular in Cincinnati because of their radical abolitionist views, and in 1837 Catharine wrote and published Slavery and Abolition with Reference to the Duty of American Females. In this treatise, she argued that women needed to stay out of the abolition movement because of the potential for violence, and instead needed to focus on creating moral and harmonious home lives for their husbands and children. This, she believed, would give women power and influence. Her work A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, published in 1841, promoted the responsibility of girls schools to teach not only intellectual pursuits, but also physical activity and moral guidance. The work became a best-seller, offering helpful suggestions on how to manage domestic life. Women needed a solid educational foundation to manage their homes, she felt, using this as the foundation from which they could change society. Front page of Miss Beechers Housekeeper and Healthkeeper. Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons Although Catharine felt women needed to be educated, she also believed they should stay out of politics, and was opposed to women earning the right to vote. Legacy Over her lifetime, Catharine opened numerous schools for women, wrote dozens of essays and pamphlets for causes in which she believed, and lectured around the country. Through this work, she helped gain respect for the role of women in society, and encouraged women to find employment as teachers. This helped to change the way society looked at education and careers for women. Catherine died on May 12, 1878, while visiting her brother Thomas. After her death, three different teaching universities named buildings in her honor, including one in Cincinnati. Sources Beecher, Catharine E, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. â€Å"The Project Gutenberg EBook, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, by Catherine Esther Beecher.†A Treatise on Domestic Economy, by Catherine Esther Beecher, Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org/files/21829/21829-h/21829-h.htm.â€Å"Catherine Beecher.†Ã‚  History of American Women, 2 Apr. 2017, www.womenhistoryblog.com/2013/10/catherine-beecher.html.Cruea, Susan M., Changing Ideals of Womanhood During the Nineteenth-Century Woman Movement (2005). General Studies Writing Faculty Publications. 1. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/gsw_pub/1Turpin, Andrea L. â€Å"The Ideological Origins of the Womens College: Religion, Class, and Curriculum in the Educational Visions of Catharine Beecher and Mary Lyon.†Ã‚  History of Education Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 2, 2010, pp. 133–158., doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2010.00257.x.

Global Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Citizenship - Essay Example The students’ interest is to ensure that they communicate easily with each other, use the experience for future workplace. Hult as an organization interest will aim at more marketing and promotions of school. Further, it will seek to advertise to people how HULT can create sustainable value for students and school community in its entirety. In addition, Hult as organization will aim at creating neutral relationships among its members because the organization understand that relationships contain conflicting interests that need to be mediated and eventually optimized according to new improvement philosophies. Moreover, management has been careful to maintain a high level of efficiency, and the approach has ended in a worse market response. Developing a cross-functional communication framework will become an important part of the improved CRM system, and should assist in closing the stakeholder communication gap. The stakeholders of Hult Company have to conduct enough research before adopting any strategy. This is because they need to identify the opportunities and challenges that face the organization. Among the challenges that face the organization is opposition from the government. The British government does not want to see Hult organization established as a fully-fledged organization because they think it will not concentrate on the affairs of the students in the schools but instead it would concentrate on maximizing profits. The opportunity for the Hult organization is that deans at Hult are neutral and welcomes any plan so long as it does not affect student affairs. Therefore, the best strategy to be implemented by Hult stakeholders is self-reporting. Self-reporting is necessary because it will depict those who oppose and support the organization. Further, it will aid in reconciling problems thus bringing unity among members. In addition, communication strategy is very

Human Resource Management in Innovation Term Paper

Human Resource Management in Innovation - Term Paper Example Few recommendations in favor of Advantage Recruitment Limited are provided below. Firstly, it is recommended to create a work environment and culture that encourages employees to think of having a long term career with the organization. Employees primarily quit organizations because of better job prospects in other organizations. Creating career development program could be one way of handling the crisis (Patton & McMahon, 2001, p.3). Redesigning compensation packages could be one way of retaining valuable talents. This is because employees leaving the organization have complained of low wages being a factor responsible for moving into other organizations. Working out a new pay structure is called for at this point of time (Armstrong & Brown, 2001, p.194). The formalizing of performance management and review systems is important at this stage to identify and recognize the performance of employees. Lack of performance review procedures could lead to loss of talented employees as they would be de-motivated to deliver good performance because of lack of recognition or insufficient appreciation of their works. Changing the quality of work life is important; which includes occupational health care, appropriate salaries and suitable work timing for employees. The overall idea is to improve the working conditions of employees and increasing organizational effectiveness. Lastly a transparent work culture would serve as an important factor for facilitating trust, communication, accountability and responsibility. Increased communication facilitates exchange of information, views and ideas, removes work politics and reduces chances of frustrations and stress in employees which often leads to high rates of attritions in organizations (Lotze, 2004, p.167). Implementation Creating a strong career development process necessarily requires building of strong leadership programs. Leaders would be responsible for coordinating and integrating the entire process of career developme nt of employees. A career development steering committee comprising of some of the key leaders in Advantage Recruitment would act as a guide throughout the career development process. This will be followed by creating an employee development proce

Week 5 Participation 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Participation 2 - Assignment Example Conversely, the courses covered in this program have also changed my perception of employment. Focusing on professional and personal development rather that climbing up the ladder in your career could help you lead a more satisfied life and achieve your goals (Ballew and Hvezda, 2005). Ashley, I concur with the fact this course has facilitated your comprehension of the need to further your education. Since I have similarly undergone through the same program, I have also recognized that this program alone cannot satisfy my needs in terms of achieving my professional goals. I am also in agreement that holding an important decision making role is more important that merely climbing up the ladder in your organization. As explicated by Ballew and Hvezda (2005), holding a decision making role could help you understand how corporations or organizations are run thus furthering your skills, knowledge, and

Policy Issues in US Healthcare

Policy Issues in US Healthcare Jessie E Salters   POLICY/ADVOCACY PROJECT The Georgia Public Policy Foundation is a 501(c) (3) non-profit, nonpartisan research institute. The Foundations mission is to improve the lives of Georgians through public policies that enhance economic opportunity and freedom. The Foundation is state orientated, independent, and without particular interest towards any political group. Georgias Public Policy Foundation conducts scholarly research and analysis of state public policy issues and work to educate citizens, policy makers and the media. Several events throughout the state are hosted each year to discuss issues relating to public policy issues that affect Georgians. The present policy issue of significance that this agency is actively seeking to address is health care spending. According to the Georgia Public Policy Foundation, (georgiapolicy.org/2016/08/guide-issues-health-care) the government office of accountability non health care spending accounts for the consistent overall percentage of our Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over time, however health spending increases at an overwhelming rate. Funds that are spent on Social Security, defense, domestic programs, etc., excluding interest expense left unattended causes unsustainable federal deficit spending. This type of spending overshadows other budget interests pertaining to education and transportation thus causing health care spending to strain Georgias families budgets. Health care is very complex and has many challenges to try and address as a whole. The Georgia Public Policy Foundations plan to address the issue is by focusing their attention on what they consider to be policy issues that are misrepresentative of our health care system. The Foundation is addressing the federal tax policy, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) and coverage for pre-existing conditions.   The Foundation proposed to tighten gaps within the federal tax policy by redefining refundable tax credits to allow unused credits to reimburse safety net providers. This is assumed to be the most impartial way to improve access to health care and provide individuals with alternative ways to purchase health care insurance. The uncompensated care issues caused by the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act would be alleviated by use of the tax credits. The tax credits would assist in the transparency between employers provided insurance vs. commercially purchased insurance. To prevent take-over by employer insurance the tax credits would only be offered to employees that dont have employer insurance. Pre-existing conditions would be address by replacing costly regulations with high-risk pools. This is beneficial to individuals who are considered to be medically uninsurable based on certain health conditions or reasons.   The Georgia Public Policy Foundations expected response as a result of their advocacy efforts would be a sound health policy with the characteristics being Patient Centered, Security for the Sickest, Equitable Tax Treatment, Personal Responsibility, Access for All, and Transparency. In reverence to the above current policy issue the article by Alan R. Weil, Coverage Expansion, Accountable Care, and More. Health Affairs 36, no.1 (2017):7 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1607 expressed concerns that are associated with the above policy issues. This article identified health care as a primary talking point during the election year. The Affordable Care Act was considered to make Health Care accessible and affordable for all. However, health care coverage expansion, accountable care, and disparities are issues associated with the Georgia Public Policy Foundation. Health care premiums continued to sky rocket in 2016. The health care market is difficult to measure since insurance premiums continued to change from year to year and underwriting has a significant effect on prices. Premium increases are based on the prices of product offered and not products people actually buy. Health Affairs, (2016.1607) reported disparities in California that showed individuals switched their insurance plans to the plan of lowest cost. This in turn caused a rise in the amount of money paid by enrollees, more than individuals that were only searching for insurance. Reports indicated a third of individuals did not received insurance discounts due to the lack of knowledge or because of obtaining the insurance out of the Affordable Care Act Marketplace. Medicare Shared Savings Programs used data that was from two years of services provided by accountable care organizations (ACOs) that indicated racial and ethnic disparities.   New payment procedures are needed to ensure a positive quality of healthcare is provided and accessible. Cost and health care quality in the Alternative Quality Contract (AQC) was compared among enrollees in regions of Massachusetts with lower and higher socioeconomic status which found disparities in process measures but not in outcome measures. Medicare subsidies are not equal to the quality and improvements as in the Alternative Quality Contract. The information contain in this article illustrate and support the need for advocacy in implementing consumer driven health care reforms. This article describes how difficult it is to achieve health care at the local, state and federal levels due to systematic and controversial differences that are prevalent and are affecting our health care system. The need for continued advocacy at all levels is vital to succeeding at revitalizing our health care system. REFERENCES Alan R. Weil, Coverage Expansion, Accountable Care, And More: Health Affairs 36, no. 1 (2017): 7 doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff.2016.1607 Guide to the Issues: Health Care: Retrieved From; http://www.georgiapolicy.org/2016/08/guide-issues-health-care/

Lab Report: Bramble Leaf Morphology Essay -- essays research papers

B. IMPLEMENTING SUN SITE SHADE SITE Thickness of bramble leaf/ mm 0.31 0.30 0.25 0.26 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.35 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.25 0.33 0.36 0.31 0.37 0.34 0.27 0.36 0.28 0.29 0.22 0.17 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.16 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.19 0.15 0.20 0.16 0.21 0.19 0.18 Mean bramble leaf thickness / mm 0.30 0.19 Light Intensity / mV At 10:30 7.81 At 13:00 8.34 At 15:30 7.65 At 10:30 3.89 At 13:00 4.02 At 15:30 3.76 Mean light intensity/mV 7.93 3.89 Aspect of Site South East South East Results In order to investigate the effect of light intensity on bramble leaf morphology, it was decided that thickness would be the particular morphological feature that was going to be investigated. It was felt that the best possible use was made of the equipment and sites available in order to attain reliable data under the time constraints involved. The sample size for this investigation was set at 30 – this allowed a reasonably large sample and thus reasonably confident conclusions and tests are possible for the Analysis and Evaluation sections. However, a sample size of 30 is still small enough in order to feasibly collect data within the allocated time period. The two sites chosen were suitable in order for valid data to be collected and compared. The two sites were comprehensively distinct sun and shade sites. As can be seen on the photograph, the sun site had virtually no major branches or trees in its vicinity and thus a lot of light was able to shine on the leaves. In contrast, the shade site was surrounded and shadowed ... ...ns, it has to be stated that the validity of the results have been undermined and the conclusion is certainly stated with less confidence. The accumulation of so many sources of error seems to suggest that the conclusion may even be an altogether incorrect one due to unreliable collection of data. However, the sources of error do not change the conclusion itself. Pieces of evidence such as the significant differences in means, use of standard deviation and the comprehensiveness of the t-test suggest that the conclusion is still a valid one. Although the data is not completely normally distributed, the 99.999% confidence at which the t-test accepts the hypothesis is considerable. Certainly, these limitations suggest that that percentage is unlikely to be that high, but given the nature of the investigation and results ascertained, the conclusion is still a valid one.

Salmonella

Bacteria are often the cause of various diseases that humans suffer from. They become one of the major factors of human mortality if not properly addressed. This is the reason why it is essential that people are properly informed about the effects of these bacteria and how they can be prevented and treated. It is highly important to disseminate information to the public about the bacteria that could be acquired easily by human beings in their everyday life, especially when it comes to their food intake. A good example of food borne bacteria is Salmonella. Salmonella is a â€Å"genus of bacteria that are a major cause of food borne illness throughout the world† (World Health Organization [WHO], 2008, n. p. ). The bacteria are rod-shaped, motile bacterium. However, there are nonmotile like gallinarum and pullorum. Salmonella is observable in animals, commonly in poultry and swine, as well as in environmental source of the organism such as water, soil, and insects. Facilities like factory surfaces and kitchen surfaces are also areas where bacteria grow (Walderhaug, 1992). Mode of Transmission Contaminated food is the main mode of transmission of the bacteria. Salmonella is commonly acquired by human beings by consuming food that comes from animals like meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and others (WHO, 2008). The bacteria can infect various domestic animals, birds, as well as other wildlife. The food derived from these living things and even the consumption of these animals itself is the major cause of infection. People become even more susceptible to salmonella if the food they eat is not prepared properly. Furthermore, the bacteria could also be transmitted through water or by means of direct contact with infected animal or person. However, such kinds of transmission are less likely to occur (Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, n. d. ). Possible Reservoirs for Salmonella Outbreak The primary reservoirs for nontyphodial Salmonella organisms are poultry, livestock, reptiles, and pets (Chatterjee, Varman, & Crevi 2006). This is due to the fact that salmonellosis is considered to be a zoonosis that has many animal reservoirs. As previously mentioned, the bacteria are commonly found in chickens, turkeys, pigs, as well as cows. Numerous domestic and even wild animals also serve as host for these organisms. This is proven by a recent examination of various animals in the United States. Salmonellae are found to be present in 41% of turkeys in California, 50% of cultured chickens in Massachusetts, and in 21% of commercially frozen egg whites in Washington (Gianella, 1996). Possible Ways of Food Contamination The main reason for food contamination is the improper handling, preparation, and cooking of meals, especially of poultry products. Food coming from animals such as eggs and chicken that are infected with salmonella could transmit these bacteria if they are not properly cooked. Food contamination could also take place during preparation. For instance, if the raw chicken used as an ingredient to make potato salad contains salmonella, the whole meal could be contaminated. Moreover, the outbreak of the bacteria is caused by the increase in the number of agents. This could occur through Salmonella typhi, which is responsible for causing enteric fever or typhoid fever. Salmonella typhi is only found in humans that could easily spread through foreign travel. People who travelled abroad acquired these bacteria through contaminated food and water. They also become probable chronic carrier of these bacteria. In fact, in the U. S. , more than two-thirds of salmonella infection in 50,000 cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis and 400 cases of typhoid fever is due to foreign travel (Chatterjee, Varman, & Crevi 2006). Prevention Since the main mode of transmission of Salmonella is through contaminated food, the best possible way to prevent the outbreak of these bacteria is by means of food safety. Food safety pertains to conditions and practices which make sure that the quality of food is preserved in order to prevent contamination as well as food borne illnesses. Some of the ways that would prevent food contamination are: washing of thoroughly of hands, making sure that all utensils used for food preparation are clean, properly storing food items to avoid cross-contamination, and cooking meals at the correct temperature to kill existing bacteria that are present (A. D. A. M. , Inc. , 2008). Furthermore, the environmental surroundings should also be kept clean especially because salmonella could also be found in water and soil. People should also be more careful of the water that they drink.

ABC Analysis for Inventory Management Essay

In supply chain, ABC analysis is an inventory categorization method which consists in dividing items into three categories, A, B and C: A being the most valuable items, C being the least valuable ones. This method aims to draw managers’ attention on the critical few (Aitems) and not on the trivial many (C-items). Prioritization of the management attention Inventory optimization is critical in order to keep costs under control within the supply chain. Yet, in order to get the most from management efforts, it is efficient to focus on items that cost most to the business. The Pareto principle states that 80% of the overall consumption value is based on only 20% of total items. In other words, demand is not evenly distributed between items: top sellers vastly outperform the rest. The ABC approach states that, when reviewing inventory, a company should rate items from A to C, basing its ratings on the following rules: A-items are goods which annual consumption value is the highest. The top 70-80% of the annual consumption value of the company typically accounts for only 10-20% of total inventory items. C-items are, on the contrary, items with the lowest consumption value. The lower 5% of the annual consumption value typically accounts for 50% of total inventory items. B-items are the interclass items, with a medium consumption value. Those 15-25% of annual consumption value typically accounts for 30% of total inventory items. The annual consumption value is calculated with the formula: (Annual demand) x (item cost per unit). Through this categorization, the supply manager can identify inventory hot spots, and separate them from the rest of the items, especially those that are numerous but not that profitable. The following steps will explain to you the classification of items into A, B and C categories. 1. Find out the unit cost and and the usage of each material over a given period. 2. Multiply the unit cost by the estimated annual usage to obtain the net value. 3. List out all the items and arrange them in the descending value. (Annual Value) 4. Accumulate value and add up number of items and calculate percentage on total inventory in value and in number. 5. Draw a curve of percentage items and percentage value. 6. Mark off from the curve the rational limits of A, B and C categories. eCommerce example The graph above illustrates the yearly sales distribution of a US eCommerce in 2011 for all products that have been sold at least one. Products are ranked starting with the highest sales volumes. Out of 17000 references: Top 2500 products (Top 15%) represent 70% of the sales. Next 4000 products (Next 25%) represent 20% of the sales. Bottom 10500 products (Bottom 60%) represents 10% of the sales. Inventory management policies Policies based on ABC analysis leverage the sales imbalance outlined by the Pareto principle. This implies that each item should receive a weighed treatment corresponding to its class: ï‚ · A-items should have tight inventory control, more secured storage areas and better sales forecasts. Reorders should should be frequent, with weekly or even daily reorder. Avoiding stock-outs on A-items is a priority. Reordering C-items is made less frequently. A typically inventory policy for C-items consist of having only 1 unit on hand, and of reordering only when an actual purchase is made. This approach leads to stock-out situation after each purchase which can be an acceptable situation, as the C-items present both low demand and higher risk of excessive inventory costs. For C-items, the question is not so much how many units do we store? but rather do we even keep this item in store? B-items benefit from an intermediate status between A and C. An important aspect of class B is the monitoring of potential evolution toward class A or, in the contrary, toward the class C. Splitting items in A, B and C classes is relatively arbitrary. This grouping only represents a rather straightforward interpretation of the Pareto principle. In practice, sales volume is not the only metric that weighs the importance of an item. Margin but also the impact of a stock-out on the business of the client should also influence the inventory strategy. Procurement and Warehouse Applications The results of an ABC Analysis extend into a number of other inventory control and management processes: 1. Review of stocking levels – As with investments, past results are no guarantee of future performance. However, â€Å"A† items will generally have greater impact on projected investment and purchasing spend, and therefore should be managed more aggressively in terms of minimum and maximum inventory levels.Obsolescence review – By definition, inactive items will fall to the bottom of the prioritized list. Therefore, the bottom of the â€Å"C† category is the best place to start when performing a periodic obsolescence review. 2. Cycle counting – The higher the usage, the more activity an item is likely to have, hence the greater likelihood that transaction issues will result in inventory errors. Therefore, to ensure accurate record balances, higher priority items are cycle counted more frequently. Generally â€Å"A† items are counted once every quarter; â€Å"B† items once every 6 months; and â€Å"C† items once every 12 months. 3. Identifying items for potential consignment or vendor stocking – Since â€Å"A† items tend to have a greater impact on investment, these would be the best candidates to investigate the potential for alternative stocking arrangements that would reduce investment liability and associated carrying costs. 4. Turnover ratios and associated inventory goals – By definition, â€Å"A† items will have greater usage than â€Å"B† or â€Å"C† items, and as a result should have greater turnover ratios. When establishing investment and turnover metrics, inventory data can be segregated by ABC classification, with different targets for each category. Definition of ‘Inventory Turnover’ A ratio showing how many times a company’s inventory is sold and replaced over a period. the Periodic Review To make the most effective use of ABC classifications, the analysis should be completed at least on an annual basis, and more often as necessary. Other Inventory Classification Techniques HML Classifications The High, medium and Low (HML) classification follows the same procedure as is adopted in ABC classification. Only difference is that in HML, the classification unit value is the criterion and not the annual consumption value. The items of inventory should be listed in the descending order of unit value and it is up to the management to fix limits for three categories. For examples, the management may decide that all units with unit value of Rs. 2000 and above will be H items, Rs. 1000 to 2000 M items and less than Rs. 1000 L items. The HML analysis is useful for keeping control over consumption at departmental levels, for deciding the frequency of physical verification, and for controlling purchases. VED Classification While in ABC, classification inventories are classified on the basis of their consumption value and in HML analysis the unit value is the basis, criticality of inventories is the basis for vital, essential and desirable categorization. The VED analysis is done to determine the criticality of an item and its effect on production and other services. It is specially used for classification of spare parts. If a part is vital it is given V classification, if it is essential, then it is given E classification and if it is not so essential, the part is given D classification. For V items, a large stock of inventory is generally maintained, while for D items, minimum stock is enough. SDE Classification The SDE analysis is based upon the availability of items and is very useful in the context of scarcity of supply. In this analysis, S refers to scarce items, generally imported, and those which are in short supply. D refers to difficult items which are available indigenously but are difficult items to procure. Items which have to come from distant places or for which reliable suppliers are difficult to come by fall into D category. E refers to items which are easy to acquire and which are available in the local markets. The SDE classification, based on problems faced in procurement, is vital to the lead time analysis and in deciding on purchasing strategies. FSN Analysis FSN stands for fast moving, slow moving and non-moving. Here, classification is based on the pattern of issues from stores and is useful in controlling obsolescence. To carry out an FSN analysis, the date of receipt or the last date of issue, whichever is later, is taken to determine the number of months, which have lapsed since the last transaction. The items are usually grouped in periods of 12 months. FSN analysis is helpful in identifying active items which need to be reviewed regularly and surplus items which have to be examined further. Non-moving items may be examined further and their disposal can be considered.